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AAC
Alternative Communication, Augmentative Communication
Encompasses a variety of materials (objects, photo graphs, words, drawings) or technology (voice output devices) that are used by individuals with limited or no verbal communication to be able to interact with others in their environment.
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ABA
Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavioral Therapy, Behavioral Treatment
A structured method of instruction that is heavily researched to be effective for learning a wide range of skills (academic, social, communication, behavioral) for children with very different needs including autism. Although O. Ivaar Lovaas published a well known study in this area, "Lovaas Method" is not a synonym for Applied Behavior Analysis.
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ABC Analysis
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence Analysis
Examining a behavior in terms of the preceding event (antecedent), behavior itself, and the corresponding consequence in order to analyze patterns of behavior and manage behavior. ABC analysis is frequently used to help develop behavior management plans.
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ABI
Activity Based Instruction
A form of teaching used primarily with young children that uses activities such as play centers, art, music, or games to teach specific skills. Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals are addressed in the context of the activity.
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Activity Based Instruction
ABI
A form of teaching used primarily with young children that uses activities such as play centers, art, music, or games to teach specific skills. Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals are addressed in the context of the activity.
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ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
Also known as Public Law 101-336, a law in the United States that guarantees the rights of people with disabilities in terms of employment and other issues.
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Adaptations
The modifications made to materials, curriculum, or the environment to increase the likelihood of success for the individual with needs. These may include things like using visual picture schedules, giving a child additional time to complete a task, providing an assistant, or enabling the child with adaptive computer equipment.
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Adaptive behavior
This term includes skill in self-help (grooming, bathing, etc.), communication, and social development. For children with disabilities, their special education curriculum and Individualized Education Plan (IEP) should incorporate these kinds of life skills.
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Adaptive physical education
The modifications that are made to gym class to enable children with special needs to be successful in physical education activities. There is specific training available for educators to develop skills in this area and not all physical education instructors have skills in this area.
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Adaptive response
The individual's behavior or response to environmental stimuli and demands and the processing of the information.
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ADD
Attention deficit disorder
Characterized by an inability to focus well on materials in various situations. Individuals with this disorder have a very difficult time screening out external information in order to focus. ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is often used as a synonym. Children with this diagnosis are often given medication to be able to attend but care should be taken to insure the diagnosis and medication are appropriate for the needs and age of the individual.
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ADOS
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
An assessment test used to evaluate if an individual exhibits characteristics of autism.
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Advocacy
The act of standing up for your own rights or the rights of others.
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Advocate
A person who acts in the interest of an individual who has difficulty standing up for their own rights. This also refers to a person who takes the role of standing up for their own rights. Many individuals with disabilities have parents who act as their advocates or an advocate can be hired to work for the family to get the best services in place for the child. Students can also act as their own advocate when they are of an appropriate age and ability level to understand their rights.
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Alternative Assessment
A formal document for monitoring progress throughout the year that is used in place of state assessments. Data collection, work samples, picture and videos can all be included in the assessment file. This type of assessment is used in special education for children who cannot be fairly tested even with modifications using existing state tests or traditional documentation of progress. Portfolio assessment is often used as another term for alternative assessment.
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Alternative Communication
Augmentative Communication; ACC
Encompasses a variety of materials (objects, photo graphs, words, drawings) or technology (voice output devices) that are used by individuals with limited or no verbal communication to be able to interact with others in their environment.
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Americans with Disabilities Act
ADA
Also known as Public Law 101-336, a law in the United States that guarantees the rights of people with disabilities in terms of employment and other issues.
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Annual goals
Long-term goals
In the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), these are the broad goals encompassing what the student is to accomplish in the course of a year. In special education, goals are often mentioned with objectives. Objectives are the well defined and measurable skills to be addressed.
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Antecedent
A visual, verbal or physical prompt that elicits a behavior.
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Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence Analysis
ABC Analysis
Examining a behavior in terms of the preceding event (antecedent), behavior itself, and the corresponding consequence in order to analyze patterns of behavior and manage behavior.
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Aphasia
A decreased or complete inability to use words or understand words.
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Applied Behavior Analysis
ABA
A structured method of instruction that is heavily researched to be effective for learning a wide range of skills (academic, social, communication, behavioral) for children with a variety of different needs including children with autism spectrum disorders. Although O. Ivaar Lovaas published a well known study in this area, "Lovaas Method" is not a synonym for Applied Behavior Analysis.
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Apraxia
dyspraxia, verbal dyspraxia
A motor speech disorder that is characterized by the inability to plan and produce the specific movements of the lips, tongue, and jaw that are necessary for precise speech. Individuals may be difficult to understand or may be non-verbal. Often people with apraxia can understand far more (receptive language) than they can relate to others (expressive language). Speech therapists have expertise in apraxia.
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Articulation
The pronunciation of words and parts of words.
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ASA
Autism Society of America
A well respected organization for information, advocacy and political information on autism and related disabilities. Over 200 local chapters of the Autism Society of America exist through out the United States. The Autism Society of America is an excellent organization for families to join for support, information and activities with other families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
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ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder
According to the DSM-IV autism is characterized by an individual demonstrating at least 6 of 12 possible symptoms across three major areas including social interaction, communication and behavior. Autism is a 'spectrum disorder' meaning children may have mild or severe characteristics. Symptoms are present before age 3 although the diagnosis may not be made until years later. The diagnosis of autism should be made by a professional in this area and information from the family including how the child interacts with peers and adults, how he/she communicates, typical behaviors, and self-care skills.
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Asperger's Syndrome
Like autism, Asperger's Syndrome is also a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and affects social, behavioral and communication skills. Often children with Asperger's Syndrome show characteristics very similar to children diagnosed with autism but are higher functioning (academic skills are often the same as peers). Children with Asperger's Syndrome may go undiagnosed until older since the characteristics are more mild. More males than females have Asperger's.
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Assessment
An evaluation of current functioning of an individual through testing, observation, and possibly surveys. Assessments can give an overview of academic, communication, motor, behavioral, daily living, and social/emotional skills.
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Assistive technology
Computers, adapted computer equipment, and other electronic devices that are used to improve the lives and increase the independence of individuals with disabilities. An assessment of a student's needs by an occupational therapist or a classroom teacher with expertise in this area can be extremely helpful in determining the best devices for a specific student.
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Association for Behavior Analysis
An international organization supporting education and research in the area of applied behavior analysis.
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Associative Play
A level of play in a hierarchy created by Parten, 1932. This level is characterized by interacting with peers in play through sharing materials and communicating although the focus of the play may not be on the same materials.
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Attachment
A person-specific relationship often to a child's mother or father. Infants develop attachment to adults through affectionate exchanges. These parent-child interactions continue to add to the relationship as the child grows. Attachment is considered a foundation for building trust, regulating feelings, developing language, developing future relationships, forming an identity and building self-esteem.
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Attention deficit disorder
ADD
Characterized by an inability to focus well on materials in various situations. Individuals with this disorder have a very difficult time screening out external information in order to focus. ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is often used as a synonym. Children with this diagnosis are often given medication to be able to attend but care should be taken to insure the diagnosis and medication are appropriate for the needs and age of the individual.
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Attentional skills
Being able to focus on the task at hand.
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Audiologist
A professional who specializes in hearing and issues related to the ear.
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Auditory
Refers to hearing.
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Auditory perception
Understanding the information gathered through hearing.
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Auditory processing
What the ears tell the brain to do.
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Augmentative Communication
Alternative Communication; ACC
Encompasses a variety of materials (objects, photo graphs, words, drawings) or technology (voice output devices) that are used by individuals with limited or no verbal communication to be able to interact with others in their environment.
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Autism
A pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) that affects males more than females (4:1). Autism is on a spectrum of mild to severe meaning that individuals with autism vary greatly. Deficits in social skills, communication, and daily living skills are often present and intellectual disabilities also may be present.
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Autism Behavior Checklist
This assessment is a screening tool for the diagnosis of autism. The initial sample used to evaluate the effectiveness of the tool showed that the diagnoses based on the ABC was not always the same as clinical diagnoses, therefore, additional observations and testing should also be used with this assessment.
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Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
ADOS
An assessment test used to evaluate if an individual exhibits characteristics of autism.
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Autism Society of America
ASA
A well respected organization for information, advocacy and political information. Over 200 local chapters exist through out the United States. This is an excellent organization for families to join for support, information and activities with other families of individuals with ASD's.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD
According to the DSM-IV autism is characterized by an individual demonstrating at least 6 of 12 possible symptoms across three major areas including social interaction, communication and behavior. This is a 'spectrum disorder' meaning children may have mild or severe characteristics. Symptoms are present before age 3 although the diagnosis may not be made until years later. The diagnosis of autism should be made by a professional in this area and information from the family including how the child interacts with peers and adults, how he/she communicates, typical behaviors, and self-care skills.
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Autism Treatment Services of Canada
A Canadian affiliation of organizations focused on providing education, consulting, and treatment to people with autism spectrum and related developmental disorders.
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Balance
The ability to maintain body equilibrium. Often riding a bicycle, standing on one foot, or walking on a line are tests of balance. An occupational or physical therapist would be the specialist who could help the student increase skills in this area.
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Battelle Developmental Inventory
BDI
An assessment used for children ages birth - 8 years. The skill areas assessed are: motor, communication, adaptive, cognitive and social-emotional. A parent administered component is also part of this assessment.
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BDI
Battelle Developmental Inventory
An assessment used for children ages birth - 8 years. The skill areas assessed are: motor, communication, adaptive, cognitive and social-emotional. A parent administered component is also part of this assessment.
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Behavior
An observable action that is preceded by a prompt and often followed by consequences.
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Behavioral Therapy
ABA, Applied Behavior Analysis
A structured method of instruction that is heavily researched to be effective for learning a wide range of skills (academic, social, communication, behavioral) for children with very different needs. Although O. Ivaar Lovaas published a well known study in this area, "Lovaas Method" is not a synonym for Applied Behavior Analysis.
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Behavioral Treatment
ABA, Applied Behavior Analysis
A structured method of instruction that is heavily researched to be effective for learning a wide range of skills (academic, social, communication, behavioral) for children with very different needs. Although O. Ivaar Lovaas published a well known study in this area, "Lovaas Method" is not a synonym for Applied Behavior Analysis.
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Best Practice
Methods, strategies or activities that have been proven to be effective through research to be effective. Often these are supported by well respected organizations and educational institutions.
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Body Awareness
An individual's understanding of how the parts of the body move in space.
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Body image
Body Scheme
The way an individual feels about his/her body and the images of the body stored in the brain.
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Body Scheme
Body image
The way an individual feels about his/her body and the images of the body stored in the brain.
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Brushing therapy
A specific type of sensory integration therapy developed by Patricia and Julia Willbarger which uses soft surgical brushes to decrease tactile defensiveness. This should be supervised by an occupational therapist trained in sensory integration.
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CAN
Cure Autism Now
A non-profit U.S. organization founded in 1995 by parents of children with autism supporting biomedical research and education on autism prevention and treatment.
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CARS
Childhood Autism Rating Scale
An assessment test used to evaluate if an individual exhibits characteristics of autism.
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CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
A U.S. federal agency that is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. The CDC is responsible for protecting the health and safety of people in the U.S. and abroad. The CDC provides information to the public about disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion. It also is involved in educational activities designed to improve the health of people in the United States.
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CDD
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
A disorder on the autism spectrum that presents itself later in childhood.
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CEC
Council for Exceptional Children
This is the largest professional organization in the world dedicated in improving the education of individuals with disabilities, exceptionalities, or who are gifted. This organization is involved in setting educational policies, creating standards, providing professional development, advocating for professional resources, and promoting the needs of individuals with exceptionalities. The CEC has various divisions that meet the needs of specific age groups or abilities and many professionals join the division that focuses on their area of expertise.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC
A U.S. federal agency that is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. The CDC is responsible for protecting the health and safety of people in the U.S. and abroad. The CDC provides information to the public about disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion. It also is involved in educational activities designed to improve the health of people in the United States.
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Childhood Autism Rating Scale
CARS
An assessment test used to evaluate if an individual exhibits characteristics of autism.
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
CDD
A disorder on the autism spectrum that presents itself later in childhood.
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Client specific strategy
Targeting skills based on an individual's specific skill needs rather than according to developmental norms.
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Co-contraction
The coordinated effort of all muscles surrounding a joint that work to stabilize it
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Co-existing disorders
Differential Diagnosis
Individuals who also have other disorders such as attention deficit, seizures, developmental delays, or obsessive-compulsive disorder along with autism spectrum disorder.
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Cognitive deficits
Refers to delays in pre-academic and academic skills. Standardized tests are given to evaluate skill level in this area. A psychologist and/or early intervention specialist (for children 5 or under) may be involved in testing to determine academic abilities. Individuals with an ASD diagnosis may not easily be formally tested unless by a professional with experience in working with children with autism.
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Cognitive skills
This often is used to describe academic or learning skills. Evaluations of cognitive skills also look at memory, reasoning, understanding, and using judgment.
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Communication
Interacting with others through verbal and non-verbal means.
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Communicative intention
The meaning a speaker wishes to convey.
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Consequence
An event that immediately follows and is contingent on a behavior. They can be pleasant (reward) or unpleasant (punishment).
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Consultant Therapy
An expert is assigned to work with the primary caregiver or educator to help them meet the needs of the child.
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Cooperative Play
A level in a hierarchy of play developed by Parten, 1932. This level is characterized by children working together towards a common goal. An example of cooperative play is children working with each other to build a fort out of blocks.
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Council for Exceptional Children
CEC
This is the largest professional organization in the world dedicated in improving the education of individuals with disabilities, exceptionalities, or who are gifted. This organization is involved in setting educational policies, creating standards, providing professional development, advocating for professional resources, and promoting the needs of individuals with exceptionalities. The CEC has various divisions that meet the needs of specific age groups or abilities and many professionals join the division that focuses on their area of expertise.
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Cure Autism Now
CAN
A non-profit U.S. organization founded in 1995 by parents of children with autism supporting biomedical research and education on autism prevention and treatment.
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Curriculum
Guidelines for what is to be taught in a specific grade level. States set guidelines that schools must follow for what children are to learn in each grade or school level (elementary, middle, high school).
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Daily living skills
Refers to activities necessary for independence and self-help including dressing, grooming or cleaning. For children focusing on a life skills curriculum, Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals and objectives should include daily living skills.
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DAP
Developmentally appropriate practice
Teaching concepts and using materials that are at the cognitive, social, motor, behavioral, and academic level that is correct for children at a specific age. The National Association of Educators of Young Children (NAEYC) advocates for use of developmentally appropriate curriculum and materials as do many researchers and professionals.
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DD
Developmentally delayed
A term given to children who are behind their peers in age-specific goals and objectives.
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Developmental phonological learning disorder
Developmental phonological processing disorder, phonological disability, developmental phonological disorder
A group of language disorders that affects children's ability to be clearly understood by the time they are 4 years old. The cause is unknown and often children with developmental phonological processing disorder have difficulty learning to read and spell.
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Developmental phonological processing disorder
Phonological processing disorder, phonological disability, developmental phonological learning disorder
A group of language disorders that affects children's ability to be clearly understood by the time they are 4 years old. The cause is unknown and often children with developmental phonological processing disorder have difficulty learning to read and spell.
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Developmentally appropriate practice
DAP
Teaching concepts and using materials that are at the cognitive, social, motor, behavioral, and academic level that is correct for children at a specific age. The National Association of Educators of Young Children advocates for use of developmentally appropriate curriculum and materials as do many researchers and professionals.
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Developmentally Delayed
DD
A term given to children who are behind their peers in age-specific goals and objectives.
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Diagnosis
The identification of a disability, disorder or syndrome by a specialist.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition
DSM-IV
A publication of the American Psychiatric Association, this is the primary reference of mental health professionals in the United States. This manual includes descriptions, diagnoses, treatment and research about mental disorders.
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Differential Diagnosis
Co-existing disorders
Individuals who also have other disorders such as attention deficit, seizures, developmental delays, or obsessive-compulsive disorder along with autism spectrum disorder.
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Digital grasp
Using the tips of the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers to hold a writing tool.
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Direct therapy
When an intervention specialists, speech therapist, occupational therapist, behavioral specialist or physical therapist works directly with a student.
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Disability
A diagnosed condition or syndrome. Individuals with disabilities are protected under the Individualized Education Act for educational services.
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Discrete trial training
DTT
A task is taught using this method when a stimulus is repeatedly presented to elicit a desired response. Data should be collected to document correct responses on each individual trial.
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Dramatic play
In an early childhood classroom, this is the physical area that includes home play sets (refrigerator, table, pretend food, dolls, clothes, etc.) for children to pretend, communicate, and role play. Many social and communication skills such as sharing, turn taking, manners, requesting and protesting can be developed in this area.
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DSM-IV
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition
A publication of the American Psychiatric Association, this is the primary reference of mental health professionals in the United States. This manual includes descriptions, diagnoses, treatment and research about mental disorders.
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DTT
Discrete trial training
A task is taught using this method when a stimulus is repeatedly presented to elicit a desired response. Data should be collected to document correct responses on each individual trial.
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Due process
The legal safeguards that are provided throughout the educational process including timelines for placement, notification and consent procedures for parents, and an appeal system to insure the steps are followed according to the law.
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Duration
The length of time a behavior is observed.
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Dyspraxia
apraxia, verbal dyspraxia, verbal apraxia
A motor speech disorder that is characterized by the inability to plan and produce the specific movements of the lips, tongue, and jaw that are necessary for precise speech. Individuals may be difficult to understand or may be non-verbal. Often they can understand far more (receptive language) than they can relate to others (expressive language). In occupational therapy and fine motor development this is defined as poor coordination which is often seen in handwriting or in eye-hand coordination.
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Early Intervention
Refers to services that are legally mandated for children with disabilities from birth through age three. Many organizations including the Division for Early Childhood Education of the Council for Exceptional Education cover ages 0-8 in their focus.
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Early Learning Accomplishment Profile
E-LAP
An assessment for children ages birth to 36 months. Six domain areas are evaluated: gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language, self-help, and social emotional. The results can be used to better plan for students with and without special needs.
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Echolalia
The repeating of words or phrases. Delayed echolalia is when the words are phrases are repeated hours or even days later. Functional echolalia is repeating words with a specific intent. For example, a child may repeat a line from a book over and over in order to request that book.
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Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Public Law 94-142
This is a U.S. federal law that funds states for educating individuals with disabilities. This entitles individuals with disabilities to a free and appropriate education.
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E-LAP
Early Learning Accomplishment Profile
An assessment for children ages birth to 36 months. Six domain areas are evaluated: gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language, self-help, and social emotional. The results can be used to better plan for students with and without special needs.
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Endurance
The ability to sustain a movement or position for a period of time.
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Epidemiology
The cause of a disability, disease or disorder. In the case of ASD's the cause is not known.
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ESY
Extended school year
Addressed in the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), this refers to children receiving services throughout the year. Often a concern for regression (loss of skills) must be demonstrated in order to receive summer special education and related services. Depending on the IEP team's decision about services, ESY may be in just one area such as speech or occupational therapy and often the services are very reduced for the summer months.
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Expressive language
Producing language either by speaking, writing or using augmentative communication. This is different from receptive language which is the processing of language that is heard or read.
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Extended school year
ESY
Addressed in the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), this refers to children receiving services throughout the year. Often a concern for regression (loss of skills) must be demonstrated in order to receive summer special education and related services. Depending on the IEP team's decision about services, ESY may be in just one area such as speech or occupational therapy and often the services are very reduced for the summer months.
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Extension
The straightening of body parts at a joint. When children have trouble with extension an occupational or physical therapist may be able to work with the child on exercises that will increase a child's ability to extend his or her limbs. The opposite of extension is flexion.
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Facilitated communication
This is a very controversial means of helping non-verbal individuals communicate. Another person (the facilitator) "guides" the individuals hand towards symbols or letters to help with person request, protest or communicate other information. The problem with this type of communication is that it is most likely the facilitator who is actually controlling the communication and not the person with the disability. The American Psychological Association as well as other well respected groups states that this controversial practice does not have scientific merit.
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Families for Early Autism Treatment, Inc.
FEAT
FEAT is a non-profit organization of parents and professionals established to support families working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The organization provides support and information for families and is also involved working towards stronger policies for individuals with autism.
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Family Support Coordinator
FSC
The professional who works with families of young children to organize and insure implementation of special education services for children ages birth through 3.
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FEAT
Families for Early Autism Treatment, Inc.
FEAT is a non-profit organization of parents and professionals established to support families working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The organization provides support and information for families and is also involved working towards stronger policies for individuals with autism.
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Fine motor control
The ability to precisely move the small muscles to complete skills such as writing, zipping, or buttoning.
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Fine motor skills
The use of small muscles (in the hands) to complete an activity like writing, buttoning, or typing. An occupational therapist is the professional who works with students to develop these types of skills.
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Flexibility
The ability to bend and move body parts through their entire range of motion without causing damage to muscles and joints. An occupational and/or physical therapist can help work on skills in this area.
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Flexion
The ability to bend a limb at a joint. An occupational or physical therapist would help a child with this skill if he or she is having trouble in this area. The opposite of flexion is extension.
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Floor time
A teaching strategy that involves interactive play. The parent, teacher or caregiver assumes all actions of the child are purposeful and the child is the leader in activities. If the child performs an action such as picking up and tapping a pot in pretend play, the adult follows the lead of the child then expands on it to encourage language and social skill development. Dr. Stanley Greenspan has written extensively on this therapy.
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Formative evaluation
Ongoing evaluation or documentation of progress. Data is taken throughout the year to monitor the student's improvement rather than simply at the beginning and end of the quarter or year (summative evaluation).
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Frequency
The number of times a behavior is observed.
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FSC
Family Support Coordinator
The professional who works with families of young children to organize and insure implementation of special education services for children ages birth through 3.
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Functional articulation disorders
Mild articulation disorders, mild articulation disorders
Individuals with this type of disorder have mild speech impairments such as lisping or incorrectly saying some sounds. The professional who assesses and improves articulation is a speech language therapist.
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Functional Behavior Assessment
Mandated in the 1997 reauthorization of IDEA, this is observation and documentation of a disruptive behavior in order to determine the cause of the behavior in order to create an intervention plan.
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Functional speech disorder
mild articulation disorders, functional articulation disorders
Individuals with this type of disorder have mild speech impairments such as lisping or incorrectly saying some sounds. The professional who assesses and improves articulation is a speech language therapist.
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Functions of communication
The reasons for communication such as protesting, requesting, or commenting.
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Gait trainers
Devices used to help children walk - used for severely physically challenged individuals.
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Generalization of learning
The ability to use a skill with various materials, in different environments and with different people. The use of multiple examples across settings for teaching a skill increases the generalization of learning.
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Generalize
The ability to learn a skill and then apply it across different settings, people and materials. This is a critical skill for children to develop when learning and is increased by using different materials, environments and people in learning settings.
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Genetics
The branch of medicine that relates to heredity (inherited through biological family). The cause of ASD's may be genetically linked but further research is needed to determine if this is the case.
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Gluten-Free/Casein Free Diet
A diet that many people believe reduces the characteristics of autism. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, oats, rye and barley and casein is the protein in milk products. The use of gluten-free/casein free diets is still being researched.
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Gravitational insecurity
An individuals feeling of anxiety due to unclear messages from vestibular and proprioception systems. An occupational therapist is the professional who would work with the child to decrease his/her insecurity.
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Gross motor skills
Refers to larger muscle movements and includes such things as walking, sitting, climbing stairs safely, and jumping. A physical therapist is the professional who works with students to develop these types of skills.
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Group therapy
Speech, occupational, behavioral or physical therapy with a small group of individuals as opposed to just with a therapist. This is often done in order to provide opportunities for peer interaction and modeling.
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Gustatory
Relates to the sense of taste.
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Head banging
Individuals with ASD's or other involved disabilities may hit their head against the wall or objects when upset or frustrated. This is not demonstrated by all children but can be harmful to the individual. Behavioral methods can be employed to reduce this.
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Hyperlexia
The ability to read at an advanced level at an early age without instruction.
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Hypersensitivity
When an individual has acute and often painful reaction to sensory stimuli or input. Often light touch, tags, or socks bother children with autism and this is an example of 'hypersensitivity'.
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Hyposensitivity
When an individual has very little reaction to sensory stimuli such as touch or sound.
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Hypotonia
Having low muscle tone. A child exhibiting this type of tone may see a physical therapist to increase muscle strength.
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ID
Intellectually disabled
A categorization for special education services that includes children with IQ's of 70 or below.
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IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, PL 94-142
A U.S. federal law that provides money to states and school districts to support children ages 3-21 with disabilities. A free and appropriate education which meets the specific needs of children is guaranteed through this act. Identification of children as well as implementation of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is required. Support services such as speech therapy and occupational therapy are provided if children qualify for these services. Students also are required to be educated in the least restrictive environment. This means students are education with same aged peers as much as possible.
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Identification
The process of using specific screening and assessment tools to find children in the community with autism or other disabilities.
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IEP
Individual Education Plan
Mandated by IDEA, this document is to be written collaborative with the family and the school system for all children with disabilities from age 3-21. The IEP includes: the students strengths and needs; the long and short term goals to attain in the next year; what support services will be given; what modifications will be made to materials and the environment; how transportation will be addressed; how much time the student will spend in the regular versus special education setting; and a behavioral intervention program if necessary. Progress towards meeting goals is required to be given at least quarterly but documentation of progress should be on-going. The IEP is re-evaluated every year but changes can be made before then if the team determines this is in the best interest of the student.
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IFSP
Individual Family Service Plan
Similar document to the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) but for children between birth and 3 years old with disabilities. The document includes 1) the child's present level of performance 2) long-term goals and short term objectives 3) recommended special services 4) dates of initiation and duration of services 5) family strengths and needs 6) Case manager 7) transition procedures. The IFSP focuses more on the family as a larger unit with the child's needs met within that unit.
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Imitation
Copying of movement, sound, gestures, or other behavior. Imitation is a way many people learn other skills.
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Immature pinscer grasp
Using the thumb and the inside of the pointer finger to pick up a small object.
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Incidental learning
When materials are learned but are not the focus of the activity. For example, when students are asked to name a picture and the instructor gives additional information in the reinforcement such as, "Correct, it is a dog. A dog is an animal." If the child learns the categorizations, then this is incidental learning.
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Inclusive classroom
A classroom that is composed primarily of typically developing children with a few children with disabilities also in the class. Traditionally these are lead by regular education teachers and teaching assistants may be used to support students as needed.
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Individual Education Plan
IEP
Mandated by IDEA, this document is to be written collaborative with the family and the school system for all children with disabilities from age 3-21. The IEP includes: the students strengths and needs; the long and short term goals to attain in the next year; what support services will be given; what modifications will be made to materials and the environment; how transportation will be addressed; how much time the student will spend in the regular versus special education setting; and a behavioral intervention program if necessary. Progress towards meeting goals is required to be given at least quarterly but documentation of progress should be on-going. The IEP is re-evaluated every year but changes can be made before then if the team determines this is in the best interest of the student.
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Individual Family Service Plan
IFSP
Similar document to the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) but for children between birth and 3 years old with disabilities. The document includes 1) the child's present level of performance 2) long-term goals and short term objectives 3) recommended special services 4) dates of initiation and duration of services 5) family strengths and needs 6) Case manager 7) transition procedures. The IFSP focuses more on the family as a larger unit with the child's needs met within that unit.
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
IDEA, PL 94-142
A U.S. federal law that provides money to states and school districts to support children ages 3-21 with disabilities. A free and appropriate education which meets the specific needs of children is guaranteed through this act. Identification of children as well as implementation of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is required. Support services such as speech therapy and occupational therapy are provided if children qualify for these services. Students also are required to be educated in the least restrictive environment. This means students are education with same aged peers as much as possible.
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Initiation and duration of services
The section of the IEP that states the dates the services will begin and the expected duration of these services.
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Intake
One of the first steps in getting a child placed in a program. The process of gathering information about the child including his/her abilities and needs. Screenings, assessments, and meetings for placement follow this step if it is determined the child may need services.
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Intellectually disabled
ID
A categorization for special education services that includes children with IQ's of 70 or below.
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Intelligence quotient
IQ
A measure of cognitive ability. A score of 100 is considered 'average'. Students who are either very low or very high on the scale receive special education services. An IQ of 70 is considered intellectually disabled although children with scores slightly higher than this will most likely have a difficult time with academics in a regular setting. A re-evaluation of IQ is important as many children especially with ASD's have a difficult time attending to materials for standardized testing sessions. For this reason, a child psychologist specializing in autism should by used for testing students with this disability.
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Intensive Behavior Intervention
ABA, IBI
A structured method of instruction that is heavily researched to be effective for learning a wide range of skills (academic, social, communication, behavioral) for children with very different needs. Although O. Ivaar Lovaas published a well known study in this area, "Lovaas Method" is not a synonym for Applied Behavior Analysis.
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Intervention
The instruction that parents and professionals give to children with delays to help them areas of deficit.
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IQ
Intelligence quotient
A measure of cognitive ability. A score of 100 is considered 'average'. Students who are either very low or very high on the scale receive special education services. An IQ of 70 is considered intellectually disabled although children with scores slightly higher than this will most likely have a difficult time with academics in a regular setting. A re-evaluation of IQ is important as many children especially with ASD's have a difficult time attending to materials for standardized testing sessions. For this reason, a child psychologist specializing in autism should by used for testing students with this disability.
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Itinerant teacher
This educator works with many children in various classrooms in a school or school system. This type of teacher works closely with regular education teachers to support the students in the regular education classroom. The amount of time, modifications and resources provided by the itinerant teacher are determined by the IEP team and included in the IEP.
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Joint attention
An adult and a child or two children looking at an object and then at each other.
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Kinesthetic
Refers to the sense that detects weight, movement and positioning of the muscles, joints, and bones.
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Language
Communication of ideas and wants through vocalization, signs, gestures, writing, augmentative communication or picture exchange.
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LAP
Learning Accomplishment Profile
A pre- and post-assessment for children ages birth to 72 months of age (the Early LAP is used for children ages birth to 36 months) in the areas of gross motor, fine motor, pre-writing, cognitive, language, self-help, and personal/social. The information gained from the assessment can be used for planning for students with and without special needs.
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Lateralization
This term refers to the control of a specific skills on one side of the brain over the other side. The right hemisphere of the brain usually is better at processing spatial information while the left side processes verbal and cognitive information.
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LEA
Local Education Authorities
This is the public school system. All students are entitled to a free and appropriate education but systems for special education and regular education vary tremendously based on resources. Researching systems is highly recommended. Local school systems are legally required to provide special education services to children with disabilities ages 3 and older.
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LEAP
Learning Experiences Alternative Program
An early education program that uses naturalistic behavioral methods to develop social and communication skills with peers.
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Learning Accomplishment Profile
LAP
A pre- and post-assessment for children ages birth to 72 months of age (the Early LAP is used for children ages birth to 36 months) in the areas of gross motor, fine motor, pre-writing, cognitive, language, self-help, and personal/social. The information gained from the assessment can be used for planning for students with and without special needs.
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Learning Experiences Alternative Program
LEAP
An early education program that uses naturalistic behavioral methods to develop social and communication skills with peers.
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Least Restrictive Environment
By law, students must be placed in the setting that provides an appropriate education to best meet the child's individual needs. Children with disabilities should be in settings with children without disabilities to the maximum extent possible.
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Litigation
Refers to using lawyers and the legal system to resolve an issue. Other means are usually used first such as meeting with the team, speaking with administration or mediation.
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Local Education Authorities
LEA
This is the public school system. All students are entitled to a free and appropriate education but systems for special education and regular education vary tremendously based on resources. Researching systems is highly recommended. Local school systems are legally required to provide services to children with disabilities ages 3 and older.
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Longitudinal studies
Research that requires data collection over a number of years in order for experts to gain a full understanding of long-term affects of a treatment, medication, or instruction.
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Long-term goals
Annual goals
In the IEP, these are the more broad goals encompassing what the student is to accomplish in the course of a year.
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Lovaas Method
An intensive form of behavioral therapy that requires 40 or more hours per week of one on one instruction with a behavior specialist.
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Mainstreaming
The placement of a child with a disability in a regular education classroom. For children with ASD's a specialist trained in methods proven to be effective for children with this disability should work closely with the regular education teacher to insure that the student's needs are met and they are successful in all settings. Children are required to be placed in the least restrictive environment but support is often necessary and should be planned for when developing the IEP.
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Maintenance
Retention of a skill over time.
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Manipulative skills
A combination of fine (small muscle) and gross (large muscle) skills. Usually this involves movement of the hands such as writing and buttoning. If an individual is having trouble with skills in this area an occupational therapist is the professional who works on this.
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Massed trials
Often associated with the Lovaas Method of instruction, these are repeated sets of questions or prompts such as, "What is it?" that are given to a student in order to elicit a response.
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MCHAT
Modified Check list for Autism in Toddlers
A screening tool for autism that is used at 18 months of age.
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Mean Length of Utterance
MLU
This is a method of calculating language activity in young children. A speech language therapist will collect a sample (transcribe) of 100 words from the child during a play time or simply while interacting with the child. The number of morphemes in ach utterance, sentence or sentence fragment, is counted. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit. Brown established five stages of language development based on MLU. There is research to suggest that MLU at age 4.5 is an indicator of reading ability at 8 (Bishop and Adams, 1990) but some people criticize the use of MLU for language evaluation. Due to some controversy about use of MLU, this measure should be considered but other more detailed evaluation should be used with MLU to gain a better picture of a child's abilities.
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Mediation
Using a third party to resolve disputes between two groups. In special education the dispute is usually between the school system and the family
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Mental Retardation
MR
A diagnosis based on intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70. Mental retardation is often but not always present with ASD's. Intelligence testing is often difficult for individuals with ASD's due to unique behaviors. A professional with expertise in working with children with ASD's should be a part of the assessment team for this reason.
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Mild articulation disorders
Functional speech disorder, functional articulation disorders
Individuals with this type of disorder have mild speech impairments such as lisping or incorrectly saying some sounds. The professional who assesses and improves articulation is a speech language therapist.
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MLU
Mean Length of Utterance
This is a method of calculating language activity in young children. A speech language therapist will collect a sample (transcribe) of 100 words from the child during a play time or simply while interacting with the child. The number of morphemes in ach utterance, sentence or sentence fragment, is counted. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit. Brown established five stages of language development based on MLU. There is research to suggest that MLU at age 4.5 is an indicator of reading ability at 8 (Bishop and Adams, 1990) but some people criticize the use of MLU for language evaluation. Due to some controversy about use of MLU, this measure should be considered but other more detailed evaluation should be used with MLU to gain a better picture of a child's abilities.
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Modeling
Demonstrating an action.
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Modified Check list for Autism in Toddlers
MCHAT
A screening tool for autism that is used at 18 months of age.
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Modulation
The ability of the brain to monitor signals through responding to some messages and blocking others.
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Motor planning
The ability of the brain to send signals to the hands, arms, legs or other parts of the body to move precisely to complete an activity or skill. Children with autism and other disabilities may have trouble in this area. An occupational and/or physical therapist is the specialist who helps develop these skills.
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Motor skill
The use of muscles either small muscles in the hands (fine motor) or the larger muscles like arms and legs which are used for walking, jumping, or throwing (gross motor).
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MR
Mental Retardation
A diagnosis based on intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70. Mental retardation is often but not always present with ASD's. Intelligence testing is often difficult for individuals with ASD's due to unique behaviors. A professional with expertise in working with children with ASD's should be a part of the assessment team for this reason.
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Multidisciplinary team
A group of professionals including educator/early interventionist, speech therapist, occupational therapist, and others depending on the needs of the student. The team works with the family to create a comprehensive educational plan and program to best meet the needs of the child.
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NAAR
National Alliance for Autism Research
The first organization in the U.S. dedicated to researching autism spectrum disorders. NAAR was established in 1994 and has made tremendous progress towards accelerating biomedical research about autism.
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National Alliance for Autism Research
NAAR
The first organization in the U.S. dedicated to researching autism spectrum disorders. NAAR was established in 1994 and has made tremendous progress towards accelerating biomedical research about autism.
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National Autistic Society
An advocacy organization that provides information and support to families and individuals with ASD's in the United Kingdom.
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National Institute of Mental Health
NIMH
One of 27 groups that comprises the National Institute of Health (NIH) which is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NIMH's mission is to increase mental and behavioral health of society. The NIMH researches the mind, behavior and the brain in order to better diagnose and treat people with metal and behavioral health concerns.
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Naturalistic learning
Learning through the child's own motivation, interests, and behaviors to guide the intervention. This type of learning focuses on more child centered methods than traditional discrete trial training methods. Two examples of naturalistic methods are pivotal response training and incidental teaching. If a child enjoys playing with dinosaurs, an instructor may also play with the dinosaurs and use these as means of increasing language (Asking questions about color or expanding on sentences. For example, if a child says, "Dinosaur" the parent or professional might point to two dinosaurs and say, "Big dinosaur and little dinosaur." to teach sizes or ask child to "Find the big dinosaur.")
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Naturalistic teaching
This type of instruction uses the child's own motivation, interests, and behaviors to guide the intervention. These methods are more child centered than the traditional discrete trial training methods. Two examples are pivotal response training and incidental teaching. If a child enjoys using cars, an instructor may also play with the cars and use these as means of increasing language (Asking questions about color or expanding on sentences. For example, if a child says, "Car" the parent or professional might say, "It is a car, a red car.")
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Negative reinforcement
An undesirable condition is removed contingent on the performance of a desired behavior.
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Neurobiological
A disorder that has a basis in neurological or biological functioning of the body.
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Neurologist
A specialized doctor who focuses on disorders of the neurological system (brain, spine, nerves and muscles).
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NIMH
National Institute of Mental Health
One of 27 groups that comprises the National Institute of Health (NIH) which is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NIMH's mission is to increase mental and behavioral health of society. The NIMH researches the mind, behavior and the brain in order to better diagnose and treat people with metal and behavioral health concerns.
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Nonverbal communication
The use of gestures, signs, pictures, writing or augmentative communication devices to communicate with others. This basically includes all means of protesting, requesting, or commenting without using words or sounds. Many individuals are very successful at communicating with others using nonverbal communication systems. A speech therapist can work with the family, an occupational therapist, and the child's teacher to find a system which meets the individual needs of the student.
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Normative strategy
Targeting skills based on the developmental sequence achieved by typically developing children.
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Nystagmus
Rapid, involuntary movement of the eye. This movement can be up and down or side to side. There is a decrease in vision with but to date no known cure.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
OCD
A medical disorder which can be diagnosed with other disorders or disabilities or may be present without other diagnoses. People with ASD's may have this in conjunction with their diagnosis of ASD. Individuals have obsessions (fear of dirt/germs, a need to have things perfectly placed, imagining loss of self-control, and other feelings) and compulsions (need to wash hands frequently, cleaning often, counting items repeatedly, hoarding or saving, and other behaviors). People may have just obsessions or compulsions. Some obsessive or compulsive behavior is not a concern but when behavior begins to impact quality of life medication or cognitive behavior therapy may be beneficial.
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Occupational therapist
OT
A member of the special education team trained to work with individuals with fine motor and sensory needs. These specialists have at least a Master's degree and help people develop skills which require hand and finger movements such as writing and buttoning. They also are often trained to work with children with sensory needs.
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OCD
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A medical disorder which can be diagnosed with other disorders or disabilities or may be present without other diagnoses. People with ASD's may have this in conjunction with their diagnosis of ASD. Individuals have obsessions (fear of dirt/germs, a need to have things perfectly placed, imagining loss of self-control, and other feelings) and compulsions (need to wash hands frequently, cleaning often, counting items repeatedly, hoarding or saving, and other behaviors). People may have just obsessions or compulsions. Some obsessive or compulsive behavior is not a concern but when behavior begins to impact quality of life medication or cognitive behavior therapy may be beneficial.
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Ocular motor
This term refers to eye movement and strength.
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Olfactory
Relates to the sense of smell.
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Oral motor
This term refers to mouth and tongue movement skills. Speech requires a person to have skills in this area. A speech therapist and an occupational therapist can work with the student and family to create a plan of exercises to develop skills in this area.
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Organizational skills
The ability to put objects, materials, words or steps in a specific order or location. Children with ASD's may have difficulty developing these types of skills and may benefit greatly from visual prompts (e.g. an outline of where objects go in their desk/locker) or other support (e.g. a schedule).
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OT
Occupational therapist
A member of the special education team trained to work with individuals with fine motor and sensory integration needs. These specialists have at least a Master's degree and help people develop skills which require hand and finger movements such as writing and buttoning.
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Outcomes
The long-term goals for students to accomplish as part of the IEP.
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Over generalize
Refers to situations where individuals use a skill exactly as it was taught in all settings rather than adapting to specific settings. This can be avoided by using a variety of materials, settings, and people while teaching a skill.
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Overarousal theories
This is the idea that children with autism find interactions with others to be 'too much' for their sensory systems and therefore prefer self-stimulatory activities with their hands, bodies or objects to social interaction. Although studied for a number of years, research does not statistically support this concept.
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Palmar grasp
Holding a writing tool in a fisted grasp in the palm of the hand.
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Parallel play
A level of play originally mentioned by Palmer, 1932. Children engaging in this type of play are near each other and often using the same materials but do not interact. An example is two children in the block area separately creating structures.
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Paraprofessional
Teaching assistant, TA
This person works in a classroom to assist the lead teacher. Students may be assigned a one on one assistant in a special or regular education settings but more often the aid works with a number of children in the class.
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Parental participation
Parents have the right to be highly involved in their child's educational process including developing the IEP and accessing their child's educational records (testing, documentation of progress).
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Part H, IDEA
An extension of free and appropriate education to include infants and toddlers with special needs between birth and 3 years old. The legislation states that qualified personnel must be used to provide services. The legal document that guides this is the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) which is very similar to the IEP but focuses more on the needs of the whole family.
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PDD-NOS
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified
A diagnosis on the autism spectrum which presents itself with some of the characteristics of autism but full features are not present.
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PDDST-II
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Screening Test
A Pervasive Developmental Disorder screening test.
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PECS
Picture Exchange Communication System
A form of communication used by non-verbal children or children with very limited verbal language. The system involves using pictures or drawings to request and communicate other needs. The child hands a picture to an adult or another child in exchange for a desired object. The system was developed by Lori Frost, MS, CCC/SLP and Andrew Bondy, PhD.
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Peer interactions
The give and take of social interactions between similar aged individuals. This includes communicating, sharing materials, and working with others. Children with ASD's frequently have a difficult time learning to communicate and work with others. Many need additional opportunities to practice appropriate peer interactions.
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Pencil grasp
An acceptable way to hold a pencil. A number of different ways are considered appropriate.
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PEP-R
Psychoeducational Profile Revised
An assessment and planning tool for children in preschool and elementary school with autism. The test is helpful in that it covers a wide range of developmental areas (Fine Motor, Gross Motor, Imitation, Perception, Eye-Hand Integration, Cognitive Skills) and also behavioral differences in Relating and Affect (interest in others and working cooperatively), Play and Interest in Materials, Sensory Responses, and Language. The test recognizes that children with autism have uneven learning patterns and provides information for IEP and program planning based on strengths and needs.
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Perseveration
Focusing on one object or specific topic. Many children with ASD's exhibit this type of behavior and may repeatedly spin or play with an item or request the same materials over and over throughout the day.
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Personnel preparation
Training of teachers, therapists or administrators. Each state requires between 100-180 hours of personnel training (continuing education) every five years for teachers to maintain their certification.
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder Screening Test
PDDST-II
A Pervasive Developmental Disorder screening test.
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified
PDD-NOS
A diagnosis on the autism spectrum which presents itself with some of the characteristics of autism but full features are not present.
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Phonological disability
Phonological processing disorder, phonological processing disorder, developmental phonological learning disorder
A group of language disorders that affects children's ability to be clearly understood by the time they are 4 years old. The cause is unknown and often children with developmental phonological processing disorder have difficulty learning to read and spell.
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Phonological processing disorder
Developmental phonological processing disorder, phonological disability, developmental phonological learning disorder
A group of language disorders that affects children's ability to be clearly understood by the time they are 4 years old. The cause is unknown and often children with developmental phonological processing disorder have difficulty learning to read and spell.
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Phonology
The particular sounds (i.e. phonemes) that comprise words.
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Physical therapist
PT
A member of the special education team trained to work with individuals with gross motor needs. These individuals have at minimum of a Master's degree and work on such things as walking, using the stairs and jumping.
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pica
The ingestion of non-edible items.
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Picture Communication Symbols
Drawings that represent objects or activities so that individuals can use them to request, protest, or express themselves. Similar symbols are often used for schedules, newsletters, or literacy activities.
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Picture Exchange Communication System
PECS
A form of communication used by non-verbal children or children with very limited verbal language. The system involves using pictures or drawings to request and communicate other needs. The child hands a picture to an adult or another child in exchange for a desired object. The system was developed by Lori Frost, MS, CCC/SLP and Andrew Bondy, PhD.
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Picture schedule
Visual schedule
A sequence or choice of objects, photos, drawings or words that indicate the steps of an activity or the activities that make up a part of the day. Visual schedules are often used for children with autism spectrum disorders.
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Pincer grasp
A fine motor movement of bringing the thumb and pointer finger together. This is often a movement needed to pick up very small items.
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Pivotal Behaviors
Kogel and Kogel identified the idea of pivotal behaviors which are those that are critical for learning other behaviors. Two pivotal behaviors are motivation and responsivity to multiple cues.
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Pivotal Response Training
PRT
Based on the principals of applied behavior analysis (ABA), this intervention has been successful for teaching individuals with autism social interaction skills, language, and play skills. PRT is derived from the research of many individuals (Koegel, (No Suggestions), Dunlap, Horner, et. al). Kogel and Kogel identified two 'pivotal behaviors' which are motivation and responsivity to multiple cues. Choice, reinforcement and multiple examples of materials and cues are important.
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PL 94-142
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, IDEA
A federal law that provides money to states and school districts to support children ages 3-21 with disabilities. A free and appropriate education which meets the specific needs of children is guaranteed through this act. Identification of children as well as implementation of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is required. Support services such as speech therapy and occupational therapy are provided if children qualify for these services. Students also are required to be educated in the least restrictive environment. This means students are education with same aged peers as much as possible.
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Placement
The location and providers of service for the student as determined by the IEP team.
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Positive reinforcement
Presentation of a preferred item or activity (reward) contingent on the performance of a desired behavior.
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Posture
The ability to hold limbs in an adequate position to complete designated task i.e. writing at a table: 90:90:90 body angle.
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Pragmatics
The rules governing the use of language in social settings. A deficit in this area presents itself in areas such as reduced turn taking skills in conversation and an inability to repair messages not understood by the listener.
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Preschool programs
Educational services for children ages 3-5. Children with special needs are legally mandated to have services at this age and these may be in a classroom, at home, or in a clinical therapy setting.
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Present level of performance
The section of the IEP that includes current performance in academic, social, communication and all necessary areas. Strengths and needs are also included in this area as well as an indication of how the child's diagnosis affects him/her in terms of meeting the regular curriculum requirement.
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Prevalence
In the medical community, this term usually refers to the frequency of a disability or condition in society.
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Progress notes
Quarterly updates sent home from the school on clinic on progress made toward meeting IEP goals.
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Prompt
A form of assistance such as verbal, location, gesture, or visual to help a child correctly complete a task.
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Prone
This means lying on your front. This terms is often used by occupational and physical therapists.
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Prone stander
A positioning device that looks like a board with straps. The individual using it is able to lie on his/her stomach and has the board for support. The straps keep the person in place in order to allow the individual to use his/her hands and participate in activities.
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Pronoun reversal
The incorrect use of a pronoun which changes the meaning of the sentence. Switching 'I' for 'you' or 'me' for 'them' are examples.
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Proprioception
The sense that tells people about their body parts and the positioning of them in space. Nerve endings send messages to the brain indicating joint, muscle and tendon positioning of various body parts. When individuals have trouble with proprioception an occupational therapist is the specialist who has strategies for improving skills in this area.
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Proxemics
The spatial arrangement of the student/client in the therapy session. Often instructors use seating to decrease unwanted behaviors or to have a better position for distributing materials, giving feedback, and observing small movements such as tongue position or fine motor movement.
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PRT
Pivotal Response Training
Based on the principals of applied behavior analysis (ABA), this intervention has been successful for teaching individuals with autism social interaction skills, language, and play skills. PRT is derived from the research of many individuals (Koegel, (No Suggestions), Dunlap, Horner, et. al). Kogel and Kogel identified two 'pivotal behaviors' which are motivation and responsivity to multiple cues. Choice, reinforcement and multiple examples of materials and cues are important.
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Psychoeducational Profile Revised
PEP-R
An assessment and planning tool for children in preschool and elementary school with autism. The test is helpful in that it covers a wide range of developmental areas (Fine Motor, Gross Motor, Imitation, Perception, Eye-Hand Integration, Cognitive Skills) and also behavioral differences in Relating and Affect (interest in others and working cooperatively), Play and Interest in Materials, Sensory Responses, and Language. The test recognizes that children with autism have uneven learning patterns and provides information for IEP and program planning based on strengths and needs.
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PT
Physical therapist
A member of the special education team trained to work with individuals with gross motor needs. These individuals have at minimum of a Master's degree and work on such things as walking, using the stairs and jumping.
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Public Law 94-142
Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
This is a U.S. federal law that funds states for educating individuals with disabilities. This entitles individuals with disabilities to a free and appropriate education.
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Quadrupod grasp
Using the first four fingers to hold a writing tool.
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Qualitative research
Interviews or observations that are collected as part of a case or a study to evaluate methodology, intervention, treatment or procedures.
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Quantitative research
Number based studies that use statistics to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment, procedures, or methodology.
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Range of motion
Full joint movement in each extremity.
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Receptive language
Our understanding of what is being said.
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Re-evaluation
The re-examination and testing of children's skill level every three years. This is part of the IEP process and is required by IDEA.
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Regression
A loss of a skill or partial loss of a skill over time. A concern for regression during the summer is a reason many students participate in summer programs.
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Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Also called Public Law 93-112, this act gives individuals with disabilities a number of rights.
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Reinforcement
Consequences for a behavior that increase the probability that a behavior will recur.
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Resource teacher
A special education teacher who provides services to children for part of the day. The Individualized Education Plan (IEP) team determines how much of the day will be spent in this type of setting rather than in the regular education classroom. Resource classrooms frequently have more students than self-contained classes and often have students with a greater variety of diagnoses.
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Respite care
Services where a caregiver works with a child or takes care of a child with a severe disability in order to give the primary caregiver(s) a temporary break.
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Response
The behavior exhibited by an individual after the presentation of a stimulus.
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Rett Syndrome
This disability is on the autism spectrum but affects only females and has characteristics including reduced head growth and usually profound cognitive delays.
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Safety skills
This term encompasses any behaviors important for remaining healthy and out of harm's way. A broad range of skills including crossing the street correctly, appropriately riding in vehicles, knowledge of kitchen rules and appropriate behavior in the kitchen, correct responses to being approached by a stranger, as well as social skills to avoid bullying are all examples of safety skills. For children lacking safety awareness, Individualized Education Plan (IEP) goals and objectives focusing on safety skills can be added to their special education curriculum in order to specifically address safety.
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School-based program
The decision to educate a student in a school rather than at home or solely through therapy sessions.
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Screening
A short evaluation used to determine if a child should have a full assessment.
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Seizures
Sudden change in the body due to excessive activity in the body. Shaking of the body or staring into space are both signs of seizures. The majority of people with ASD's do not have seizures but if the individual does have other neurological disorders seizures may occur. Anti-convulsants can be used to control most seizures.
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Self regulatory behavior
Repeated behavior such as flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, rocking or movement of objects that is independently initiated and often is difficult for individuals with ASD to decrease. Many people believe these behaviors are a form of stress relief.
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Self-contained
A classroom that is composed of all children with disabilities. These classrooms are lead by a special education teacher and typically contain fewer children.
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Self-help skills
Includes dressing, bathing, grooming, bathroom skills, cleaning, and other activities that are important for independent living. These skills should be built into the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and taught at a young age in order to promote independence in life skills.
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Self-injurious behavior
The act of hurting one's own body through biting, hitting, head banging or other actions. Individuals with ASD's or other disabilities may engage in this type of behavior usually when frustrated, angry, or upset. A behavior specialist can develop a plan for attempting to reducing self-injurious behavior.
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Self-stim
Self-stimulatory behavior
Repeated behavior such as flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, rocking or movement of objects that is independently initiated and often is difficult for individuals with ASD to decrease. Many people believe these behaviors are a form of stress relief.
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Self-stimulatory behavior
Self-stim, stimming
Repeated behavior such as flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, rocking or movement of objects that is independently initiated and often is difficult for individuals with ASD to decrease. Many people believe these behaviors are a form of stress relief.
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Semantics
Involves the meaning of individual words and combinations of words to form meaningful phrases and sentences. Impairments in this area result in reduced vocabulary, poor word association skills, and difficulty with figurative language (e.g. metaphors, idioms and humor).
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Sensory defensiveness
A reaction to outside stimuli that is not considered typical. Patterns of avoidance, fear, anxiety or even aggression when exposed to touch, sound or other outside stimuli. Children with autim and related disabilities often demonstrate sensory defensiveness.
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Sensory diet
A combination of tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular activities used throughout the entire day to help children regulate on their own.
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Sensory input
The sights, sounds, smells, and items that we touch all send signals to the body and brain. Children with autism may have higher (hyposensitivity) or lower (hyposensitivity) reaction to these stimuli. Different types of therapy may help a child learn to integrate these senses better. An occupational therapist is the special education professional that specializes in this area.
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Sensory integration
SI
The processing of information such as sound, touch, or movement from external stimuli. Children with ASD's often process information inaccurately which results in seeking outside stimulation or avoiding stimulation. Occupational therapists are the professionals who assess and treat sensory integration dysfunction. Methods used to address this include but are not limited to brushing, swinging, spinning, tasting, and use of therapy balls.
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Sensory integration therapy
Treatment involving simulation to the sensory system. Occupational therapists are the specialists who give this type of therapy and often they use vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy focuses on improving the way the brain organizes the senses.
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Sensory integrative dysfunction
When the brain has difficulty integrating sensory input. This may present itself in fine or gross motor, cognitive, social, language or attention skills. An occupational therapist is the specialist who may have strategies for increasing skills in this area.
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Serotonin
A chemical in the brain that has been found to be greater in some individuals with autism than in typically developing peers. This chemical plays a part in communication and interacts with the nervous system.
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Shifting objects
Moving instruments from one end to another with the use of finger tips.
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Short-term objectives
In the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), these are very specific and measurable skills to be accomplished. Objectives are listed under the long-term goals and are the pieces needed to accomplish the goal.
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SI
Sensory integration
The processing of information such as sound, touch, or movement from external stimuli. Children with autism spectrum disorders often process information inaccurately which results in seeking outside stimulation or avoiding stimulation. Occupational therapists are the professionals who assess and treat sensory integration dysfunction. Methods used to address this include but are not limited to brushing, swinging, spinning, tasting, and use of therapy balls.
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Sign language
A form of communication which uses structured movements of hands and arms to communicate to others.
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Single-subject design
Research that uses a limited number of participants in the study. Often a baseline of ability is documented then progress after intervention is also documented. Due to the many differences in individuals with special needs, research in special education that focuses on methods and instruction is frequently this type of design.
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SLP
Speech and language therapist
A member of the special education team trained to work with individuals with communication and language delays. Therapy may be individual, in a small group or leading an activity in a special education class. The speech therapist has a minimum of a Master's degree.
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Social adaptation
The ability of children to interact with peers at a level that is appropriate for their age. Another definition focuses on self-help skills such as toileting, feeding, and dressing.
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Social interaction
The back and fourth communication of individuals through words, facial expressions, and body positioning.
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Social skills
Children with autism spectrum disorders have a deficit in this area. The ability to interact appropriately with others verbally as well as in body language. These skills require the ability to read the facial and body expressions of others and respond in a way that is considered appropriate.
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Social stories
Developed by Carol Gray, social stories are books for children with autism spectrum disorders including Asperger's Syndrome. The stories are designed to put children in social situations in order to teach them appropriate social behavior (safety, self-care, manners, behavior in specific settings, sharing, etc.). Many people create social stories to work with individuals with autism on a variety of skills in community, school and home environments. There is a strong belief among educators and therapists that social stories are very effective. Research on social stories is positive but not definitive.
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Somatosensory
Feelings in the body based on touching or being touched (tactile) and the positioning of the body in space (proprioceptive) information.
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Special education and related services
In the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), this section determines the setting that preschool through school aged children will be placed.
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Special services
This term refers to the additional therapy or support a student is given in the public school system. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, adaptive physical education, and physical therapy are examples of these special education services.
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Speech and language therapist
SLP
A special education team member trained to work with individuals with communication and language delays. Therapy may be individual, in a small group or leading an activity in a special education class. The speech therapist has a minimum of a Master's degree.
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Spontaneous communication
The independent use of speech, gestures, objects, pictures, writing, or drawings to request, express, or protest to others.
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Stim
Self-stimulatory behavior
Repeated behavior such as flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, rocking or movement of objects that is independently initiated and often is difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorders to decrease. Many people believe these behaviors are a form of stress relief.
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Stimming
Self-stimulatory behavior
Repeated behavior such as flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, rocking or movement of objects that is independently initiated and often is difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorders to decrease. Many people believe these behaviors are a form of stress relief.
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Stimulus
The objects, pictures or communication presented elicit a target response.
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Stimulus type
The kind of input used to elicit a desired response. Examples include visuals, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication.
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Summative evaluation
Testing or documentation taken at the end of a lesson, quarter or year to monitor effectiveness of the instruction.
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Supine
This means lying on your back. This term is often used by occupational or physical therapists.
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Support systems
Informal groups such as family, friends or co-worker, or formal groups such as the Autism Society of America that people turn to for guidance, information, or help in times of need. Many parents find that being part of an organization such as a local Autism Society or a church provides them with an outlet for getting through tough situations. Support systems, rather formal or informal, can be extremely helpful to families of a child with a disability. People can share information, build friendship, and recognize that there are other families with similar experiences.
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Symbolic play
Using one object to represent another. For example, pretending a block is a brush..
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Symptoms
The outward signs of a disability or illness. In terms of ASD, the term 'characteristics' is often used rather than symptoms to describe the disorder.
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Syndrome
A set of symptoms that characterize a disability, disease, psychological disorder, or condition.
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Syntax
The rules governing the order and combination of words in sentences.
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| - T - |
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TA
Teacher's Aid, paraprofessional
This person works in a classroom to assist the lead teacher. Students may be assigned a TA to work with them one on one in a regular education setting or the aid may help a number of children in the class.
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Tactile
Refers to the sense of touch on the skin.
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Tactile defensiveness
A sensory integrative dysfunction that results in negative reactions to touch. This may present itself as direct reactions to specific actions or can be associated with other things such as restlessness. An example of this is light touch upsetting a child or a tag on a shirt itching a child. Children with autism often demonstrate tactile defensiveness.
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Task analysis
An informal assessment in which the individual steps of an activity are broken down into the sequence of smaller steps necessary to complete the entire activity. An example is handwashing can be broken into such steps as: turn the water on, put hands under the water, etc.
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TEACCH
Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children
A structured plan for working with children and adults with autism created through research conducted through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Diagnosis, training, and materials are available through TEACCH.
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Teacher's Aid
TA, paraprofessional
This person works in a classroom to assist the lead teacher. Students may be assigned a TA to work with them one on one in a regular education setting or the aid may help a number of children in the class.
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Test
A formal exam or sample of student behavior used to evaluate progress and ability.
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Theory of mind
This refers to the notion that individuals with autism have a difficult time and in some cases do not understand that other people have their own feelings, plans, points of view and ideas. They also have a hard time understand the beliefs, attitudes and emotions of others. This makes it very difficult to for individuals with autism to communicate and relate to others. Their inability to 'read' cues of peers also can make them appear uncaring or self-centered. Research on this concept gained much attention in 1995 when Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen published this hypothesis.
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Three jaw chuck grasp
Thumb, index, and middle fingers form this grasp.
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Tone
The ability to hold muscles to produce movements.
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Tongue thrusting
The pushing of the tongue forward onto or between the front teeth while swallowing. This is a developmentally appropriate behavior for infants and most people outgrow this well before the age of four. A speech therapist, pediatrician or dentist may be the first to identify that tongue thrusting is being exhibited by a child. This can ultimately result in a child developing a 'bad bite' that may require orthodontial care. There are two treatments for tongue thrusting: 1. A device can be put in the front of the mouth to reduce the behavior. 2. Oral habit training by a speech therapist can be used to 're-learn' correct swallowing. This treatment has been shown to have longer term results than the device.
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Transdisiplinary approach
A method of testing and implementation that uses teams made up of professionals from a variety of disciplines including speech therapy, psychology, education, occupational therapy and physical therapy (depending on the needs of the student). The team approach to evaluation and implementation is recommended since experts from each area can bring a wealth of knowledge to share information and ideas in order to best evaluate the child and create an effective intervention plan.
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Transition
Used either to describe the movement between one activity and anther (e.g. He transitioned from lunch to recess) or the period of time between grade levels (e.g. the transition from elementary school to middle school). A transition plan must be put in place as part of the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for children moving from different educational levels (to elementary, middle or high school) or to work.
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Transition Cue
An object, visual, or verbal prompt that reminds students of their target destination when moving from one activity to the next.
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Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children
TEACCH
A structured plan for working with children and adults with autism created through research conducted through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Diagnosis, training, and materials are available through TEACH.
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Tripod grasp
A mature grasp with nice wrist extension and the use of the first three fingers.
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| - V - |
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Vestibular
This sense gives us information about how our bodies are moving or positioned in the environment.
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Vestibular System
The sensory system that identifies the relation of movement of the head in relation to gravity as well as the speed of movement. The system integrates the movements of various parts of the body.
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Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
A standardized semi structured interview (given to parents) and a questionnaire (given to the classroom teacher) with questions about communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills. The format allows parents and classroom teachers to give input about the child based on everyday situations. The test is given and scored by a psychologist, social worker, early interventionist or other professional trained to administer it. The Vineland also has norms for children diagnosed with autism which is a relatively unique feature for an assessment tool.
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Visual adaptations
Visual supports
Changes made to materials or curriculum that are written or in picture format to give students the additional information to make them more independent and successful in completing an activity. This also includes pictures or lists to be used as references.
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Visual Motor Response
The individual's ability to visually take in information and respond motorically.
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Visual perception
The eyes being able to interpret visual information.
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Visual Schedule
Picture Schedule
A sequence or choice of objects, photos, drawings or words that indicate the steps of an activity or the activities that make up a part of the day. When teaching children with autism, visual schedules are often used.
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Visual supports
Visual adaptations
Changes made to materials or curriculum that are written or in picture format to give students the additional information to make them more independent and successful in completing an activity. This also includes pictures or lists to be used as references.
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Voice Output Communication Aid
Augmentative communication systems that are programmed to be used by individuals who are non-verbal or have difficult to understand speech. Voices can either be recorded or in some cases the equipment has a database of words pre-programmed into the device. A variety of products from a single large button to typing words that then are 'read' aloud are available. In order to find an ideal device, consultation with a speech therapist and occupational therapist (to insure the individual has the appropriate motor skills to operate the device) with experience working with devices is important.
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| - W - |
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Work system
An individual task designed so that the materials and steps are presented in a well-organized format for individuals to be able to complete independently. Work systems are often used to encourage children with autism to independently complete their work.
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W-sitting
Sitting with hips extended outward with legs under the body and feet pointing behind the body (forming a W). This position gives children a very stable base for sitting but individuals can damage the hip joints by sitting this way for an extended period of time.
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Fragile X Syndrome
Martin-Bell Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome) is an inherited disorder that affects a greater number of males than females. Males typically show greater intellectual delays than females with the disorder. Children diagnosed with Fragile X often receive speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other special education services for communication, behavior, and academic support.
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| - M - |
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Martin-Bell Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Martin-Bell Syndrome (Fragile X Syndrome) is an inherited disorder that affects a greater number of males than females. Males typically show greater intellectual delays than females with the disorder. Children diagnosed with Fragile X often receive speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other special education services for communication, behavior, and academic support.
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| - A - |
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Ability grouping
Instructing children in groups based on academic levels.
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Accommodation
A change in setting (e.g. in a more quiet room), administration (e.g. verbal versus written), or the way the test is presented (e.g. with directions underlined) so children with learning differences are provided an equal opportunity to demonstrate content knowledge.
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Dysgraphia
A learning disability that presents itself through incorrect writing of letters.
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Dyslexia
A learning disability in which children have a difficult time decoding letters and numbers. Students with this disability often have trouble with reading and spelling.
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| - E - |
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Emergent skills
Skills a child is starting to develop but demonstrates inconsistently.
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Emergent reader
Children are considered emergent readers when they start to understand literacy but do not demonstrate conventional reading and writing abilities. A knowledge of letters, numbers, retelling skills, and story principles (beginning, middle, end) are skills an emergent reader demonstrates.
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English as a Second Language
ESL
Children whose native language is not English are often given the designation ESL. Often ESL students are pulled from their classes for English instruction.
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ESL
English as a Second Language
Children whose native language is not English are often given the designation ESL. Often ESL students are pulled from their classes for English instruction.
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Exceptional children
EC
Children with academic, physical, or emotional difficulties who meet qualifications for special education services.
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EC
Exceptional Children
Children with academic, physical, or emotional difficulties who meet qualifications for special education services.
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Experiential education
Instruction that focuses on hands on activities geared towards children’s lives. The overriding concept is learning through experience.
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Magnet school
A public school which offers a specific curriculum designed to draw children from various backgrounds throughout a district. Families choose these schools for their children and children from different district zones attend the schools.
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Manipulative
An object used to visually display a concept or help students better understand a topic.
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Mini-lessons
Brief, 5-20 minute lessons used to reinforce a previously discussed topic or introduce a new idea.
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Mnemonic
A variety of strategies such as rhyming, songs, or acronyms used to help students remember concepts. For example, the name ROY G. BIV helps students remember the colors in the rainbow.
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Multiple intelligences
A theory developed by Dr. Howard Gardener that states traditional IQ testing is too limiting in understanding ability level. In his theory of intelligence, Dr. Gardener includes other skill areas such as spatial, musical, naturalistic, intrapersonal, linguistic, logical-mathematical, and bodily-kinesthetic.
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Accountability
Holding teachers and administrators responsible for student performance.
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Achievement gap
Differences in performance on standardized tests between students from different economic, racial, or social groups.
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Alternative teacher certification
Meeting requirements for teaching in an alternative way other than a four year education degree. Candidates often have a degree in a related subject and take education related courses to meet certification requirements.
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Authentic assessment
Evaluating a student’s skills through projects or tasks that simulate situations they will encounter in adult life.
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Bibliotherapy
Using books to discuss and overcome real-life situations in a three steps process: identifying with the characters (identification), becoming emotionally involved in the story (catharsis), and recognizing possible solutions to their own and the character’s situation (insight).
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Bilingual education
Educational settings where part of the day is taught in one language and part in another.
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The landmark Supreme Court decision that stated segregation of schools was unconstitutional and guaranteed equal opportunities in education.
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Multicultural education
Discussing different races, genders, and cultures with students to help them gain a better understanding of their community and the world.
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Centers
An instructional strategy of having children rotate through various activity areas. Each area has materials and tasks that focus on specific educational or developmental skills.
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Character education
Curriculum or activities that promote core traits in morals and civic values.
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Charter school
Alternative schools to traditional public schools that have the intention of providing innovative and challenging educational methods. Charter schools often are created by parents or teachers and are guided by a contract (charter) that is supported by the state or local school board. Charter schools are autonomous from many state and district requirements, but they must demonstrate accountability for student performance.
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Concept map
A teaching strategy that encourages understanding of keywords and concepts through a visual representation of the information (e.g. graph or diagram).
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Continuing education unit
CEU
In order for teachers, therapists, and administrators to remain current with educational practices, they must participate in continuing education classes and receive units of credit to continue their certification.
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CEU
Continuing education unit
In order for teachers, therapists, and administrators to remain current with educational practices, they must participate in continuing education classes and receive units of credit to continue their certification.
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Cooperative learning
A teaching method where children work in small groups to complete a project while teachers facilitate.
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Criterion-referenced assessment
Standards for the assessment are set based on knowledge of the content or specific objectives not relative to other students.
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Critical thinking
A high level of thinking where students take new knowledge and evaluate the facts and evidence to draw conclusions.
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Culturally relevant teaching
Purposefully incorporating frames of reference and knowledge of different cultures in the curriculum to help students gain a better understanding of racial, social, and economic differences.
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Didactic instruction
A method of teaching where educators present information and children listen. This is usually best for short sessions.
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Differentiation
An educational approach where learning is geared towards a student’s abilities, interests, and needs.
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Direct instruction
A method of teaching that has scripted lessons, frequent assessments, and a high level of teacher to student and student to student interaction. This is used primarily by teachers with students who have highly structured lessons.
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Drop Everything and Read
A period of time set aside for students to select books and read silently during the school day or week. The idea is that by promoting choice in topics and reading level, children will learn to enjoy reading.
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DEAR
Drop Everything and Read
A period of time set aside for students to select books and read silently during the school day or week. The idea is that by promoting choice in topics and reading level, children will learn to enjoy reading.
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Gifted
Refers to children with above average IQ's. Children also may qualify for gifted programs by demonstrating giftedness in the arts or creativity.
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Hands-on activities
Tasks and activities that involve actively participating in moving materials, creating things, or studying objects to learn concepts and problem solve.
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Home schooling
An alternative to public or private school in which parents or guardians assume responsibility for educating children in the home.
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Heterogeneous grouping
Instructing children of varying ability levels or ages in whole class or small group settings.
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In-service training
Seminars, conferences, or lectures educators attend to keep informed of best practices in their field.
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Inclusion
Providing children with special needs the support they require to be successfully educated beside non-disabled peers in the regular classroom.
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Interdisciplinary curriculum
Applying educational strategies from more than one traditionally separate subjects such as math, literacy, and social studies to examine a topic, question, experience, or issue.
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Intrinsic motivation
An internal desire, feeling of enjoyment, or curiosity to complete a task or attempt a skill.
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KWL chart
Know, Want to Know, and Learned chart is used to map student’s knowledge pre-activity and then gage their understanding of the lesson post-activity. Teachers lead this activity and use a high level of student interaction to assess interest and understanding of the topic.
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Learning disability
A discrepancy between observed and expected achievement. This discrepancy is often found in one area. A student may have an average IQ, but perform and score much lower in math or reading than would be expected based on their overall IQ or ability level.
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Literature circles
A teaching strategy where children discuss stories between themselves to gain a high level of understanding of the material.
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Looping
A strategy where classrooms spend two consecutive school years (e.g. kindergarten and first) with the same teacher. The idea is teachers will gain a better understanding of students’ needs and less time will be used at the beginning of the school year for teachers and students to get to know each other.
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